This summary reflects my experience with LLMs over the past several months. I have interacted with Gemini (formerly Bard), ChatGPT (including version 4.5), Perplexity, Claude, and Grok3, along with some use of DeepSeek, Mistral, AllenAI, Leonardo, Midjourney and Copilot. Every LLM has its strengths and weaknesses, and no one LLM is the best at doing…
Amphotericin B is a polyene antibiotic discovered in 1953 from the bacteria Streptomyces nodosus, in the Orinoco basin in Venezuela. Its name is derived from its amphoteric property, being able to react to both acid and base. It is insoluble at normal pH; hence it is available as a buffered colloidal solution, with sodium deoxycholate…
An IMG’s Perspective by Dr Chidi Onwukwe (2018) I decided to sit for the FRCPath part 1 in MMV sometime in 2018. I didn’t have a timeframe to work with as it was basically a loose decision made in a rare moment of inspiration. The first window of opportunity came in November/December 2018 in the…
One of our registrars passed part 2 recently. I asked him about his preparation. He kindly shared with me some useful tips which may help anyone preparing for part 2. What did you read? What I read was a mix of Here are the links to the resources mentioned Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and…
Introduction CGD is a rare inherited immunodeficiency disorder where the NADPH oxidase in the phagocytic cells is absent or malfunctioning. Most CGDs are inherited as X linked, while the rest are autosomal recessive. Phagocytes, like neutrophils and monocytes, in the absence of NADPH oxidase, cannot kill the ingested pathogens due to the lack of oxidative burst. As a result,…
Interactive Yersinia Species Identification Guide 🔬 Yersinia Species Identification Guide Comprehensive laboratory identification and characterization of Yersinia species Overview Species Laboratory Process Safety Media Summary 🦠 Genus Yersinia Overview 📊 Taxonomy Family: Enterobacteriaceae Species: 17 recognized species + 2 subspecies Type species: Yersinia pestis Pathogenic species: Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica 🧬 General Characteristics…
This is from a presentation. The pictures were my slides. Feel free to download them if you wish. Leptospirosis, a zoonosis, is caused by a pathogenic Spirochaeta of the genus Leptospira.The name is derived from the Greek leptos (thin) and the Latin spira (coiled). Leptospirosis is a multisystem disease first described by Albert Weil in…
