Infection
Screening blood donors for infection (note)
Please note this is a study note, keeping the exam in mind. This is not a guideline and should not be used for that purpose. It is not for clinical use either. You should contact your doctor for clinical advice. Blood donation screening ORGANISM MANDATORY TEST ADDITIONAL TEST HIV anti-HIV 1+2 or HIV 1+2 Ag/Ab […]
Neurobrucellosis
Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection transmitted to humans from animals (cattle, goats, sheep) via The UK is a non-endemic country. Most brucella cases in the UK are imported cases with links to Mediterranean or Middle Eastern countries. However, Brucella is also endemic in Central Asia, China, South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and some parts of Middle and […]
Necrotising fasciitis
Necrotising fasciitis (NF): It is an infection of the subcutaneous tissue/fat and fascia of the skin. It spreads rapidly along the fascial plane. Muscles are less commonly affected/ affected later in the disease due to better blood supply. Classification Types Organism Note Type 1 – polymicrobial/synergistic Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria Often derived from gut/bowel Type […]
Infectious mononucleosis and Epstein-Barr Virus
Cause: Epidemiology: Transmission: Signs and symptoms: Complications Diagnosis If you want to know about a heterophile antibody, see this video. Atypical lymphocytes can also be seen in CMV, HIV, HHV6, rubella, mumps, viral hepatitis, toxoplasmosis, typhus, lead poisoning etc. Differential diagnosis: Treatment:
Infection associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) are used to treat malignancy (breast CA, bladder CA, cervical CA, lung CA, colon CA, Hodgkin lymphoma etc). There are three types of ICIs Type of ICIs Example Programmed death 1(PD-1) inhibitors Atezolizumab, Avelumab, Durvalumab Programmed death 1 ligand (PD-L1) inhibitors Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Cemiplimab, Dostarlimab cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) […]
Infection associated with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
Introduction CGD is a rare inherited immunodeficiency disorder where the NADPH oxidase in the phagocytic cells is absent or malfunctioning. Most CGDs are inherited as X linked, while the rest are autosomal recessive. Phagocytes, like neutrophils and monocytes, in the absence of NADPH oxidase, cannot kill the ingested pathogens due to the lack of oxidative burst. As a result, […]
Diagnosis of vertebral osteomyelitis (VO)
Reference: JBJI review published on 27/1/2022. Read the full paper here – Maamari, J., Tande, A. J., Diehn, F., Tai, D. B. G., and Berbari, E. F.: Diagnosis of vertebral osteomyelitis, J. Bone Joint Infect., 7, 23–32, https://doi.org/10.5194/jbji-7-23-2022, 2022. Biomarkers Imaging Biopsy and Microbiology Serology Novel modalities Flow chart as shown in the above article
