{"id":475,"date":"2023-09-16T22:06:18","date_gmt":"2023-09-16T21:06:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microregistrar.com\/?p=475"},"modified":"2023-09-16T22:06:19","modified_gmt":"2023-09-16T21:06:19","slug":"adenovirus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microregistrar.com\/?p=475","title":{"rendered":"Adenovirus"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Non-enveloped linear ds-DNA virus. Icosahedral symmetry (70-90 nm diameter).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The capsid has three major proteins \u2013&nbsp;hexon, penton, and fibre.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ubiquitous in nature. Most people are seropositive by the age of 10 years.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Adenovirus can be divided into 4 genera.<br>Mammalian adenovirus belongs to the genus Mastadenovirus.<br>Human adenovirus is a part of this genus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microregistrar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Adenovirus_4-1024x540.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7313\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Adenovirus Electron Micrograph (GrahamColm, Wikipedia)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>For high-resolution<\/strong>&nbsp;images, scroll to the bottom of the page<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microregistrar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/image-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7298\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Human adenovirus has 7 species based on their haemagglutination character.<br>Each species was divided into serotypes based on neutralisation (e.g. A- 12,18, 31). At present, genotyping is being used to classify Adenovirus.<br>Different species of human adenovirus have different tissue tropism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Species<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Tissue tropism<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A<\/td><td>GI, respiratory, urinary<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>B<\/td><td>GI, Eye, respiratory, urinary<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>C<\/td><td>GI, respiratory, urinary<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>D<\/td><td>GI, Eye<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>E<\/td><td>Eye, respiratory<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>F<\/td><td>GI<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>G<\/td><td>GI<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microregistrar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/image-2-1024x577.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7299\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adenovirus receptors<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Coxsackie B&nbsp;virus\u2013adenovirus receptor (CAR),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CD46, CD80, CD86<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sialic acid,&nbsp;heparan sulfate proteoglycans.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Viral replication<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Viral replication occurs in the nucleus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microregistrar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/image-3-1024x547.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7300\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>DURING THE REPLICATION PROCESS VIRUS RELEASES PROTEINS TO MODULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM<\/strong><\/h6>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Inhibit MHC-1 expression<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Downregulation of fas, TNF<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inhibition of apoptosis (TRAIL receptor)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Latent infection<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Adenovirus can remain latent in the T-lymphocytes of the tonsil and adenoid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Route on transmission<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Droplet, faeco-oral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adenovirus infection<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Adenovirus is commonly seen in 3 groups of people \u2013 children, immunocompromised and military recruits.<br>50% of adenovirus infection is asymptomatic.<br>Up to 10% of febrile illnesses in children are due to adenovirus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microregistrar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/image-4-1024x576.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7301\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/microregistrar.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/image-5.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7302\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Laboratory diagnosis:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Method<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Notes<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Culture<\/strong><\/td><td>Not readily available outside reference lab\/research facility.<br>Serotype 40,41 \u2013 cannot be cultured.<br>The patient may shed the virus for days to a couple of weeks, but an immunocompromised patient may shed the virus much longer.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Serology<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Immunofluorescence assay<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 low sensitivity (40-60%), lower sensitivity in an immunocompromised patient.<br><strong>ELISA<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 a fourfold rise in titre is used to diagnose infection.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>PCR<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Commonly used method.<\/strong><br>Quantitative PCR can be used to measure treatment response.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Typing<\/strong><\/td><td>Haemagglutination,<br>Neutralisation,<br>Whole-genome sequencing,<br>Phylogenetic analysis.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Histopathology<\/strong><\/td><td>Typical finding, smudge cell.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Treatment:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Immune reconstitution<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/td><td>Reduction in immunosuppression.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Cidofovir<\/strong><\/td><td>In vitro activity against adenovirus.<br>Limited clinical data.<br>Toxicity \u2013 nephrotoxic, GI toxicity.<br>The oral liposomal formulation is being trialled.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ribavirin<\/strong><\/td><td>Limited clinical data.<br>Active against group C adenovirus.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Vidarabine<\/strong><\/td><td>Limited clinical data.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ganciclovir<\/strong><\/td><td>Limited clinical data<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Immunotherapy<\/strong><\/td><td>Adoptive T-cell therapy.<br>Investigational therapy.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Vaccine:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>A vaccine has been developed for military recruits.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction For high-resolution&nbsp;images, scroll to the bottom of the page Human adenovirus has 7 species based on their haemagglutination character.Each [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":477,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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