Interactive Yersinia Species Identification Guide<\/title>\n <style>\n * {\n margin: 0;\n padding: 0;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n }\n\n body {\n font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif;\n line-height: 1.6;\n color: #333;\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%);\n min-height: 100vh;\n }\n\n .container {\n max-width: 1200px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n padding: 20px;\n }\n\n .header {\n background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95);\n backdrop-filter: blur(10px);\n border-radius: 20px;\n padding: 30px;\n margin-bottom: 30px;\n text-align: center;\n box-shadow: 0 15px 35px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n }\n\n .header h1 {\n color: #2c3e50;\n font-size: 2.5em;\n margin-bottom: 10px;\n font-weight: 700;\n }\n\n .header p {\n color: #666;\n font-size: 1.1em;\n }\n\n .nav-tabs {\n display: flex;\n background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);\n border-radius: 15px;\n padding: 5px;\n margin-bottom: 30px;\n overflow-x: auto;\n box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n }\n\n 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repeat(auto-fit, minmax(350px, 1fr));\n gap: 25px;\n margin-top: 25px;\n }\n\n .species-card {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #f8f9fa, #e9ecef);\n border-radius: 15px;\n padding: 25px;\n border-left: 5px solid;\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\n cursor: pointer;\n }\n\n .species-card:hover {\n transform: translateY(-5px);\n box-shadow: 0 15px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n }\n\n .ye-card { border-left-color: #e74c3c; }\n .yps-card { border-left-color: #f39c12; }\n .yp-card { border-left-color: #9b59b6; }\n\n .species-title {\n font-size: 1.4em;\n font-weight: 700;\n margin-bottom: 15px;\n color: #2c3e50;\n }\n\n .characteristics-list {\n list-style: none;\n padding: 0;\n }\n\n .characteristics-list li {\n padding: 8px 0;\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n position: relative;\n padding-left: 20px;\n }\n\n .characteristics-list li:before {\n content: \"\u2022\";\n color: #667eea;\n font-size: 1.2em;\n position: absolute;\n left: 0;\n }\n\n .flowchart {\n background: 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}\n\n .positive { color: #27ae60; font-weight: 600; }\n .negative { color: #e74c3c; font-weight: 600; }\n .variable { color: #f39c12; font-weight: 600; }\n\n .safety-alert {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #ff6b6b, #ee5a52);\n color: white;\n padding: 20px;\n border-radius: 15px;\n margin: 25px 0;\n border-left: 5px solid #c0392b;\n }\n\n .safety-alert h3 {\n margin-bottom: 10px;\n font-size: 1.3em;\n }\n\n .media-info {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #74b9ff, #0984e3);\n color: white;\n padding: 25px;\n border-radius: 15px;\n margin: 25px 0;\n }\n\n .media-info h3 {\n margin-bottom: 15px;\n font-size: 1.4em;\n }\n\n .toggle-content {\n max-height: 0;\n overflow: hidden;\n transition: max-height 0.3s ease;\n }\n\n .toggle-content.active {\n max-height: 1000px;\n }\n\n .toggle-button {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea, #764ba2);\n color: white;\n border: none;\n padding: 10px 20px;\n border-radius: 25px;\n cursor: pointer;\n margin: 10px 0;\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\n }\n\n .toggle-button:hover {\n transform: translateY(-2px);\n box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(102, 126, 234, 0.4);\n }\n\n .process-flow {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n gap: 20px;\n margin: 25px 0;\n }\n\n .process-step {\n background: white;\n border-radius: 15px;\n padding: 20px;\n border-left: 5px solid #667eea;\n box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\n }\n\n .process-step:hover {\n transform: translateX(10px);\n box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n }\n\n .process-step h4 {\n color: #2c3e50;\n margin-bottom: 10px;\n font-size: 1.2em;\n }\n\n @media (max-width: 768px) {\n .nav-tabs {\n flex-direction: column;\n }\n \n .species-grid {\n grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n }\n \n .container {\n padding: 10px;\n }\n \n .header h1 {\n font-size: 2em;\n }\n }\n\n .summary-grid {\n display: grid;\n grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr));\n gap: 20px;\n margin: 25px 0;\n }\n\n .summary-card {\n background: white;\n border-radius: 15px;\n padding: 20px;\n box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n border-top: 4px solid #667eea;\n }\n\n .summary-card h4 {\n color: #2c3e50;\n margin-bottom: 15px;\n font-size: 1.2em;\n }\n <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"header\">\n <h1>\ud83d\udd2c Yersinia Species Identification Guide<\/h1>\n <p>Comprehensive laboratory identification and characterization of Yersinia species<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"nav-tabs\">\n <button class=\"nav-tab active\" onclick=\"showSection('overview')\">Overview<\/button>\n <button class=\"nav-tab\" onclick=\"showSection('species')\">Species<\/button>\n <button class=\"nav-tab\" onclick=\"showSection('laboratory')\">Laboratory Process<\/button>\n <button class=\"nav-tab\" onclick=\"showSection('safety')\">Safety<\/button>\n <button class=\"nav-tab\" onclick=\"showSection('media')\">Media<\/button>\n <button class=\"nav-tab\" onclick=\"showSection('summary')\">Summary<\/button>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div id=\"overview\" class=\"content-section active\">\n <h2>\ud83e\udda0 Genus Yersinia Overview<\/h2>\n \n <div class=\"species-grid\">\n <div class=\"species-card\">\n <h3>\ud83d\udcca Taxonomy<\/h3>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li><strong>Family:<\/strong> Enterobacteriaceae<\/li>\n <li><strong>Species:<\/strong> 17 recognized species + 2 subspecies<\/li>\n <li><strong>Type species:<\/strong> Yersinia pestis<\/li>\n <li><strong>Pathogenic species:<\/strong> Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-card\">\n <h3>\ud83e\uddec General Characteristics<\/h3>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li>Gram-negative, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative<\/li>\n <li>Facultatively anaerobic straight rods to coccobacilli<\/li>\n <li>Non-spore forming<\/li>\n <li>May show bipolar staining (“closed safety-pin appearance”)<\/li>\n <li>Respiratory and fermentative metabolism<\/li>\n <li>Optimum growth: 28-29\u00b0C<\/li>\n <li>Motile at <30\u00b0C (except Y. pestis - always non-motile)<\/li>\n <li>Non-motile at 37\u00b0C<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div id=\"species\" class=\"content-section\">\n <h2>\ud83c\udfaf Medically Important Yersinia Species<\/h2>\n \n <div class=\"species-grid\">\n <div class=\"species-card ye-card\">\n <div class=\"species-title\">\ud83d\udd34 Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye)<\/div>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li><strong>Biotypes:<\/strong> 6 types (1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4, 5) with >50 serogroups<\/li>\n <li><strong>Pathogenic:<\/strong> Biotypes 1B (highly pathogenic) and 2-5<\/li>\n <li><strong>Non-virulent:<\/strong> Biotype 1A<\/li>\n <li><strong>CIN agar:<\/strong> Deep-red center with transparent border (“bull’s-eye”)<\/li>\n <li><strong>Lactose:<\/strong> Usually negative (some strains positive)<\/li>\n <li><strong>Urease:<\/strong> <span class=\"positive\">Positive<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Indole:<\/strong> <span class=\"variable\">Variable<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Motility:<\/strong> Yes, below 30\u00b0C<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-card yps-card\">\n <div class=\"species-title\">\ud83d\udfe1 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yps)<\/div>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li><strong>Serotypes:<\/strong> 15 O-serotypes (O:1-O:15) + 10 subtypes<\/li>\n <li><strong>CIN agar:<\/strong> Smaller, deep red with sharp border + translucent zone<\/li>\n <li><strong>Lactose:<\/strong> <span class=\"negative\">Non-fermenter<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Urease:<\/strong> <span class=\"positive\">Positive<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Indole:<\/strong> <span class=\"negative\">Negative<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Nitrate:<\/strong> <span class=\"positive\">Reduces nitrate<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Motility:<\/strong> Yes, below 30\u00b0C<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-card yp-card\">\n <div class=\"species-title\">\ud83d\udfe3 Yersinia pestis (Yp)<\/div>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li><strong>Growth:<\/strong> Not fastidious, grows well on blood agar<\/li>\n <li><strong>24h colonies:<\/strong> Small grey-white, translucent<\/li>\n <li><strong>48h colonies:<\/strong> Grey-white to yellow, opaque<\/li>\n <li><strong>Morphology:<\/strong> “Fried egg” or “hammered copper” appearance<\/li>\n <li><strong>Broth:<\/strong> Produces “stalactites” in nutrient-rich broth<\/li>\n <li><strong>Indole:<\/strong> <span class=\"negative\">Negative<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Urease:<\/strong> <span class=\"negative\">Negative<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Lactose:<\/strong> <span class=\"negative\">Negative<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Motility:<\/strong> <span class=\"negative\">Non-motile<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>\ud83d\udd0d Species Comparison Table<\/h3>\n <table class=\"comparison-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Test<\/th>\n <th>Y. enterocolitica<\/th>\n <th>Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/th>\n <th>Y. pestis<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Indole<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"variable\">Variable<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">Negative<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">Negative<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Urease<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Positive<\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Positive<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">Negative<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Lactose fermentation<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>No (some strains positive)<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">No<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">No<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Motility<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Yes, below 30\u00b0C<\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Yes, below 30\u00b0C<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">No<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Catalase<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Positive<\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Positive<\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Positive<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Oxidase<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">Negative<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">Negative<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">Negative<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div id=\"laboratory\" class=\"content-section\">\n <h2>\ud83d\udd2c Laboratory Process<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"process-flow\">\n <div class=\"process-step\">\n <h4>\ud83d\udccb Sample Collection<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Ye & Yps:<\/strong> Usually feces<br>\n <strong>Yp:<\/strong> Blood, bubo fluid, sputum, CSF, feces, urine<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"process-step\">\n <h4>\ud83e\uddea Primary Isolation<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Media:<\/strong> CIN agar for Ye and Yps<br>\n <strong>Indication:<\/strong> Appendicitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileitis, reactive arthritis<br>\n <strong>Special requests:<\/strong> Erythema nodosum, hemochromatosis, iron chelation therapy, farming\/vet\/lab exposure<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"process-step\">\n <h4>\ud83d\udd0d Identification<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Colonial appearance:<\/strong> “Bull’s eye” colony on CIN agar<br>\n <strong>Traditional:<\/strong> Biochemical tests (API) from non-selective media<br>\n <strong>Modern:<\/strong> MALDI-ToF (check up-to-date database)<br>\n <strong>Confirmation:<\/strong> Send to reference lab on Dorset egg agar<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"process-step\">\n <h4>\ud83e\uddec Molecular Methods<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Multiplex PCR:<\/strong> Many labs use panels including Yersinia<br>\n <strong>Process:<\/strong> Interim result \u2192 culture for ID\/sensitivity \u2192 reference lab typing<br>\n <strong>Typing methods:<\/strong> MLVA, PFGE, Whole Genome Sequencing<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>\ud83d\udcca Laboratory Workflow<\/h3>\n <div class=\"flowchart\">\n <div class=\"flowchart-step\">Stool specimen with clinical details<\/div>\n <div class=\"flowchart-step\">Routine stool test + CIN agar OR Multiplex PCR<\/div>\n <div class=\"flowchart-step\">Bull’s eye colony on CIN agar OR Yersinia detected<\/div>\n <div class=\"flowchart-step\">Identification by Biochemical method (API) or MALDI-ToF<\/div>\n <div class=\"flowchart-step\">Issue report + Sensitivity test + Send to reference lab<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"media-info\">\n <h3>\ud83d\udd2c Multiplex PCR Information<\/h3>\n <p>Many laboratories now use multiplex PCR panels that include Yersinia detection. When identified:<\/p>\n <ul style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n <li>Interim result is issued<\/li>\n <li>Sample undergoes culture for further identification<\/li>\n <li>Antimicrobial sensitivity testing performed<\/li>\n <li>Sample sent to reference laboratory for typing<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div id=\"safety\" class=\"content-section\">\n <h2>\u26a0\ufe0f Laboratory Safety<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"safety-alert\">\n <h3>\ud83d\udea8 Hazard Classifications<\/h3>\n <p><strong>All Yersinia species:<\/strong> Hazard Group 2<br>\n <strong>Yersinia pestis:<\/strong> Hazard Group 3<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-grid\">\n <div class=\"species-card\">\n <h3>\ud83d\udee1\ufe0f General Safety Requirements<\/h3>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li>Laboratory procedures creating infectious aerosols must be conducted in microbiological safety cabinet<\/li>\n <li>Good laboratory practice including appropriate PPE must be used<\/li>\n <li>Local COSHH assessment should be followed<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-card yp-card\">\n <h3>\ud83d\udd12 Y. pestis Specific Requirements<\/h3>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li>ALL work must be performed under Containment Level 3 conditions<\/li>\n <li>Vaccination recommended for laboratory personnel routinely exposed to live Y. pestis<\/li>\n <li>If suspected, move isolate to Category 3 room immediately<\/li>\n <li>Follow appropriate infection control and good laboratory practice<\/li>\n <li>All processing in Cat 3 room cabinet<\/li>\n <li>Send to Porton Down for further testing<\/li>\n <li>Inform UKHSA and IPC<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"process-flow\">\n <div class=\"process-step\">\n <h4>\ud83e\ude78 Blood Culture Protocol<\/h4>\n <p>For wound swab, bubo fluid, respiratory specimen, or CSF:<br>\n \u2022 Follow SMI for respective specimen type<br>\n \u2022 If Y. pestis suspected: immediate Category 3 protocols<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div id=\"media\" class=\"content-section\">\n <h2>\ud83e\uddeb Culture Media<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"media-info\">\n <h3>\ud83c\udfaf CIN Agar (Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin)<\/h3>\n <p>Selective and differential medium for Yersinia isolation<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-grid\">\n <div class=\"species-card\">\n <h3>\ud83e\uddea Composition & Function<\/h3>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li><strong>Peptone & yeast extract:<\/strong> Essential nutrients<\/li>\n <li><strong>Mannitol:<\/strong> Fermentable carbohydrate for differentiation<\/li>\n <li><strong>Sodium pyruvate:<\/strong> Enhances recovery of stressed bacteria<\/li>\n <li><strong>Sodium chloride:<\/strong> Maintains osmotic balance<\/li>\n <li><strong>Magnesium sulfate:<\/strong> Supplies necessary ions<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-card\">\n <h3>\ud83d\udeab Selective Components<\/h3>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li><strong>Sodium deoxycholate:<\/strong> Bile salt suppressing Gram-positive bacteria<\/li>\n <li><strong>Crystal violet:<\/strong> Suppresses Gram-positive bacteria<\/li>\n <li><strong>Irgasan (triclosan):<\/strong> Inhibits most Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms<\/li>\n <li><strong>Cefsulodin:<\/strong> Selective antibiotic<\/li>\n <li><strong>Novobiocin:<\/strong> Selective antibiotic<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-card\">\n <h3>\ud83d\udd0d Differential Component<\/h3>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li><strong>Neutral red:<\/strong> pH indicator<\/li>\n <li>Turns red in acidic conditions from mannitol fermentation<\/li>\n <li>Creates characteristic colony morphology<\/li>\n <li>Bull’s-eye appearance: red center with transparent border<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <button class=\"toggle-button\" onclick=\"toggleContent('dorset-info')\">Show Dorset Egg Media Information<\/button>\n <div id=\"dorset-info\" class=\"toggle-content\">\n <div class=\"media-info\">\n <h3>\ud83e\udd5a Dorset Egg Media<\/h3>\n <p><strong>Primary use:<\/strong> Cultivation and identification of Mycobacterium species, particularly M. tuberculosis<\/p>\n <ul style=\"margin-top: 15px;\">\n <li><strong>Whole eggs:<\/strong> Provide essential proteins, lipids, and nutrients<\/li>\n <li><strong>Glycerol:<\/strong> Additional carbon source enhancing mycobacterial growth<\/li>\n <li><strong>Sodium chloride:<\/strong> Maintains osmotic balance<\/li>\n <li><strong>Potato starch:<\/strong> Provides carbohydrates and neutralizes toxic metabolites<\/li>\n <li><strong>Preparation:<\/strong> Heat coagulation at 85\u00b0C creating solid, slanted surface<\/li>\n <li><strong>Use for Yersinia:<\/strong> Can be used to transfer Yersinia to reference laboratory<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div id=\"summary\" class=\"content-section\">\n <h2>\ud83d\udccb Summary<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"summary-grid\">\n <div class=\"summary-card\">\n <h4>\ud83d\udd2c Microscopy<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Ye, Yps:<\/strong> Usually from blood culture or sterile specimen (CSF)<br>\n <strong>Yp:<\/strong> From blood culture or sterile specimen<br>\n <strong>Appearance:<\/strong> Gram-negative rods with possible bipolar staining<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"summary-card\">\n <h4>\ud83e\uddeb Culture<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Ye, Yps:<\/strong> CIN agar (28-30\u00b0C for 24-48 hrs) if clinically indicated<br>\n <strong>Yp:<\/strong> Common media for specimen type + CIN (less useful than Ye\/Yps)<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"summary-card\">\n <h4>\ud83c\udfaf Growth Characteristics<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Ye, Yps:<\/strong> Bull’s-eye colony on CIN<br>\n <strong>Yp:<\/strong> Small grey-white, translucent \u2192 “fried egg” or “hammered copper” appearance<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"summary-card\">\n <h4>\ud83e\uddea CLED Results<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Ye, Yps:<\/strong> NLF (some Ye strains may ferment lactose)<br>\n <strong>Yp:<\/strong> NLF<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"summary-card\">\n <h4>\ud83d\udd2c Key Tests<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Urease:<\/strong> Ye\/Yps positive, Yp negative<br>\n <strong>Motility:<\/strong> Ye\/Yps yes (below 30\u00b0C), Yp no<br>\n <strong>Catalase\/Oxidase:<\/strong> All catalase-positive, oxidase-negative<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"summary-card\">\n <h4>\ud83c\udfe5 Identification Methods<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Ye, Yps:<\/strong> API, MALDI-ToF, PCR (GBRU-Colindale)<br>\n <strong>Yp:<\/strong> API, MALDI-ToF, PCR (RIPL-Porton Downs)<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"comparison-table\" style=\"margin-top: 30px;\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Parameter<\/th>\n <th>Ye, Yps<\/th>\n <th>Yp<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Microscopy<\/strong><\/td>\n <td colspan=\"2\">Usually from blood culture or sterile specimen. Gram-negative rods with possible bipolar staining<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Culture<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>CIN agar (28-30\u00b0C for 24-48 hrs) if clinically indicated<\/td>\n <td>Common media for specimen type + CIN (less useful)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Growth<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Bull’s-eye colony on CIN<\/td>\n <td>Small grey-white, translucent \u2192 “fried egg” or “hammered copper”<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>CLED<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>NLF (some Ye strains may ferment lactose)<\/td>\n <td>NLF<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Urease<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Positive<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">Negative<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Motility<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Yes, below 30\u00b0C<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">No<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Catalase\/Oxidase<\/strong><\/td>\n <td colspan=\"2\">Catalase-positive and oxidase-negative<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Identification<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>API, MALDI-ToF, PCR (GBRU-Colindale)<\/td>\n <td>API, MALDI-ToF, PCR (RIPL-Porton Downs)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <script>\n \/\/ Function to show specific content sections\n function showSection(sectionId) {\n \/\/ Hide all content sections\n const sections = document.querySelectorAll('.content-section');\n sections.forEach(section => {\n section.classList.remove('active');\n });\n\n \/\/ Remove active class from all nav tabs\n const tabs = document.querySelectorAll('.nav-tab');\n tabs.forEach(tab => {\n tab.classList.remove('active');\n });\n\n \/\/ Show the selected section\n const targetSection = document.getElementById(sectionId);\n if (targetSection) {\n targetSection.classList.add('active');\n }\n\n \/\/ Add active class to the clicked tab\n event.target.classList.add('active');\n }\n\n \/\/ Function to toggle expandable content\n function toggleContent(contentId) {\n const content = 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characterization of Yersinia species Overview Species 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{"id":1098,"date":"2025-07-06T21:19:18","date_gmt":"2025-07-06T20:19:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/microregistrar.com\/?p=1098"},"modified":"2025-07-06T21:19:20","modified_gmt":"2025-07-06T20:19:20","slug":"summary-of-smi-id-21-yersinia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/microregistrar.com\/?p=1098","title":{"rendered":"Summary of SMI: ID 21: Yersinia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n \n \n Interactive Yersinia Species Identification Guide<\/title>\n <style>\n * {\n margin: 0;\n padding: 0;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n }\n\n body {\n font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif;\n line-height: 1.6;\n color: #333;\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea 0%, #764ba2 100%);\n min-height: 100vh;\n }\n\n .container {\n max-width: 1200px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n padding: 20px;\n }\n\n .header {\n background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.95);\n backdrop-filter: blur(10px);\n border-radius: 20px;\n padding: 30px;\n margin-bottom: 30px;\n text-align: center;\n 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15px;\n color: #2c3e50;\n }\n\n .characteristics-list {\n list-style: none;\n padding: 0;\n }\n\n .characteristics-list li {\n padding: 8px 0;\n border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n position: relative;\n padding-left: 20px;\n }\n\n .characteristics-list li:before {\n content: \"\u2022\";\n color: #667eea;\n font-size: 1.2em;\n position: absolute;\n left: 0;\n }\n\n .flowchart {\n background: #f8f9fa;\n border-radius: 15px;\n padding: 25px;\n margin: 25px 0;\n text-align: center;\n }\n\n .flowchart-step {\n background: white;\n border-radius: 10px;\n padding: 15px;\n margin: 15px auto;\n max-width: 300px;\n box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n position: relative;\n }\n\n .flowchart-step:not(:last-child):after {\n content: \"\u2193\";\n position: absolute;\n bottom: -25px;\n left: 50%;\n transform: translateX(-50%);\n font-size: 1.5em;\n color: #667eea;\n }\n\n .comparison-table {\n width: 100%;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n margin: 25px 0;\n border-radius: 10px;\n 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margin-bottom: 15px;\n font-size: 1.4em;\n }\n\n .toggle-content {\n max-height: 0;\n overflow: hidden;\n transition: max-height 0.3s ease;\n }\n\n .toggle-content.active {\n max-height: 1000px;\n }\n\n .toggle-button {\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, #667eea, #764ba2);\n color: white;\n border: none;\n padding: 10px 20px;\n border-radius: 25px;\n cursor: pointer;\n margin: 10px 0;\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\n }\n\n .toggle-button:hover {\n transform: translateY(-2px);\n box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(102, 126, 234, 0.4);\n }\n\n .process-flow {\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n gap: 20px;\n margin: 25px 0;\n }\n\n .process-step {\n background: white;\n border-radius: 15px;\n padding: 20px;\n border-left: 5px solid #667eea;\n box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n transition: all 0.3s ease;\n }\n\n .process-step:hover {\n transform: translateX(10px);\n box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n }\n\n .process-step h4 {\n color: #2c3e50;\n margin-bottom: 10px;\n font-size: 1.2em;\n }\n\n @media (max-width: 768px) {\n .nav-tabs {\n flex-direction: column;\n }\n \n .species-grid {\n grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n }\n \n .container {\n padding: 10px;\n }\n \n .header h1 {\n font-size: 2em;\n }\n }\n\n .summary-grid {\n display: grid;\n grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(250px, 1fr));\n gap: 20px;\n margin: 25px 0;\n }\n\n .summary-card {\n background: white;\n border-radius: 15px;\n padding: 20px;\n box-shadow: 0 10px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);\n border-top: 4px solid #667eea;\n }\n\n .summary-card h4 {\n color: #2c3e50;\n margin-bottom: 15px;\n font-size: 1.2em;\n }\n <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n <div class=\"container\">\n <div class=\"header\">\n <h1>\ud83d\udd2c Yersinia Species Identification Guide<\/h1>\n <p>Comprehensive laboratory identification and characterization of Yersinia species<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"nav-tabs\">\n <button class=\"nav-tab active\" onclick=\"showSection('overview')\">Overview<\/button>\n <button class=\"nav-tab\" onclick=\"showSection('species')\">Species<\/button>\n <button class=\"nav-tab\" onclick=\"showSection('laboratory')\">Laboratory Process<\/button>\n <button class=\"nav-tab\" onclick=\"showSection('safety')\">Safety<\/button>\n <button class=\"nav-tab\" onclick=\"showSection('media')\">Media<\/button>\n <button class=\"nav-tab\" onclick=\"showSection('summary')\">Summary<\/button>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div id=\"overview\" class=\"content-section active\">\n <h2>\ud83e\udda0 Genus Yersinia Overview<\/h2>\n \n <div class=\"species-grid\">\n <div class=\"species-card\">\n <h3>\ud83d\udcca Taxonomy<\/h3>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li><strong>Family:<\/strong> Enterobacteriaceae<\/li>\n <li><strong>Species:<\/strong> 17 recognized species + 2 subspecies<\/li>\n <li><strong>Type species:<\/strong> Yersinia pestis<\/li>\n <li><strong>Pathogenic species:<\/strong> Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-card\">\n <h3>\ud83e\uddec General Characteristics<\/h3>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li>Gram-negative, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative<\/li>\n <li>Facultatively anaerobic straight rods to coccobacilli<\/li>\n <li>Non-spore forming<\/li>\n <li>May show bipolar staining (“closed safety-pin appearance”)<\/li>\n <li>Respiratory and fermentative metabolism<\/li>\n <li>Optimum growth: 28-29\u00b0C<\/li>\n <li>Motile at <30\u00b0C (except Y. pestis - always non-motile)<\/li>\n <li>Non-motile at 37\u00b0C<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div id=\"species\" class=\"content-section\">\n <h2>\ud83c\udfaf Medically Important Yersinia Species<\/h2>\n \n <div class=\"species-grid\">\n <div class=\"species-card ye-card\">\n <div class=\"species-title\">\ud83d\udd34 Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye)<\/div>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li><strong>Biotypes:<\/strong> 6 types (1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4, 5) with >50 serogroups<\/li>\n <li><strong>Pathogenic:<\/strong> Biotypes 1B (highly pathogenic) and 2-5<\/li>\n <li><strong>Non-virulent:<\/strong> Biotype 1A<\/li>\n <li><strong>CIN agar:<\/strong> Deep-red center with transparent border (“bull’s-eye”)<\/li>\n <li><strong>Lactose:<\/strong> Usually negative (some strains positive)<\/li>\n <li><strong>Urease:<\/strong> <span class=\"positive\">Positive<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Indole:<\/strong> <span class=\"variable\">Variable<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Motility:<\/strong> Yes, below 30\u00b0C<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-card yps-card\">\n <div class=\"species-title\">\ud83d\udfe1 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (Yps)<\/div>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li><strong>Serotypes:<\/strong> 15 O-serotypes (O:1-O:15) + 10 subtypes<\/li>\n <li><strong>CIN agar:<\/strong> Smaller, deep red with sharp border + translucent zone<\/li>\n <li><strong>Lactose:<\/strong> <span class=\"negative\">Non-fermenter<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Urease:<\/strong> <span class=\"positive\">Positive<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Indole:<\/strong> <span class=\"negative\">Negative<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Nitrate:<\/strong> <span class=\"positive\">Reduces nitrate<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Motility:<\/strong> Yes, below 30\u00b0C<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-card yp-card\">\n <div class=\"species-title\">\ud83d\udfe3 Yersinia pestis (Yp)<\/div>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li><strong>Growth:<\/strong> Not fastidious, grows well on blood agar<\/li>\n <li><strong>24h colonies:<\/strong> Small grey-white, translucent<\/li>\n <li><strong>48h colonies:<\/strong> Grey-white to yellow, opaque<\/li>\n <li><strong>Morphology:<\/strong> “Fried egg” or “hammered copper” appearance<\/li>\n <li><strong>Broth:<\/strong> Produces “stalactites” in nutrient-rich broth<\/li>\n <li><strong>Indole:<\/strong> <span class=\"negative\">Negative<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Urease:<\/strong> <span class=\"negative\">Negative<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Lactose:<\/strong> <span class=\"negative\">Negative<\/span><\/li>\n <li><strong>Motility:<\/strong> <span class=\"negative\">Non-motile<\/span><\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>\ud83d\udd0d Species Comparison Table<\/h3>\n <table class=\"comparison-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Test<\/th>\n <th>Y. enterocolitica<\/th>\n <th>Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/th>\n <th>Y. pestis<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Indole<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"variable\">Variable<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">Negative<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">Negative<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Urease<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Positive<\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Positive<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">Negative<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Lactose fermentation<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>No (some strains positive)<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">No<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">No<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Motility<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Yes, below 30\u00b0C<\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Yes, below 30\u00b0C<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">No<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Catalase<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Positive<\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Positive<\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Positive<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Oxidase<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">Negative<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">Negative<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">Negative<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div id=\"laboratory\" class=\"content-section\">\n <h2>\ud83d\udd2c Laboratory Process<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"process-flow\">\n <div class=\"process-step\">\n <h4>\ud83d\udccb Sample Collection<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Ye & Yps:<\/strong> Usually feces<br>\n <strong>Yp:<\/strong> Blood, bubo fluid, sputum, CSF, feces, urine<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"process-step\">\n <h4>\ud83e\uddea Primary Isolation<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Media:<\/strong> CIN agar for Ye and Yps<br>\n <strong>Indication:<\/strong> Appendicitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, terminal ileitis, reactive arthritis<br>\n <strong>Special requests:<\/strong> Erythema nodosum, hemochromatosis, iron chelation therapy, farming\/vet\/lab exposure<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"process-step\">\n <h4>\ud83d\udd0d Identification<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Colonial appearance:<\/strong> “Bull’s eye” colony on CIN agar<br>\n <strong>Traditional:<\/strong> Biochemical tests (API) from non-selective media<br>\n <strong>Modern:<\/strong> MALDI-ToF (check up-to-date database)<br>\n <strong>Confirmation:<\/strong> Send to reference lab on Dorset egg agar<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"process-step\">\n <h4>\ud83e\uddec Molecular Methods<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Multiplex PCR:<\/strong> Many labs use panels including Yersinia<br>\n <strong>Process:<\/strong> Interim result \u2192 culture for ID\/sensitivity \u2192 reference lab typing<br>\n <strong>Typing methods:<\/strong> MLVA, PFGE, Whole Genome Sequencing<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <h3>\ud83d\udcca Laboratory Workflow<\/h3>\n <div class=\"flowchart\">\n <div class=\"flowchart-step\">Stool specimen with clinical details<\/div>\n <div class=\"flowchart-step\">Routine stool test + CIN agar OR Multiplex PCR<\/div>\n <div class=\"flowchart-step\">Bull’s eye colony on CIN agar OR Yersinia detected<\/div>\n <div class=\"flowchart-step\">Identification by Biochemical method (API) or MALDI-ToF<\/div>\n <div class=\"flowchart-step\">Issue report + Sensitivity test + Send to reference lab<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"media-info\">\n <h3>\ud83d\udd2c Multiplex PCR Information<\/h3>\n <p>Many laboratories now use multiplex PCR panels that include Yersinia detection. When identified:<\/p>\n <ul style=\"margin-top: 10px;\">\n <li>Interim result is issued<\/li>\n <li>Sample undergoes culture for further identification<\/li>\n <li>Antimicrobial sensitivity testing performed<\/li>\n <li>Sample sent to reference laboratory for typing<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div id=\"safety\" class=\"content-section\">\n <h2>\u26a0\ufe0f Laboratory Safety<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"safety-alert\">\n <h3>\ud83d\udea8 Hazard Classifications<\/h3>\n <p><strong>All Yersinia species:<\/strong> Hazard Group 2<br>\n <strong>Yersinia pestis:<\/strong> Hazard Group 3<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-grid\">\n <div class=\"species-card\">\n <h3>\ud83d\udee1\ufe0f General Safety Requirements<\/h3>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li>Laboratory procedures creating infectious aerosols must be conducted in microbiological safety cabinet<\/li>\n <li>Good laboratory practice including appropriate PPE must be used<\/li>\n <li>Local COSHH assessment should be followed<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-card yp-card\">\n <h3>\ud83d\udd12 Y. pestis Specific Requirements<\/h3>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li>ALL work must be performed under Containment Level 3 conditions<\/li>\n <li>Vaccination recommended for laboratory personnel routinely exposed to live Y. pestis<\/li>\n <li>If suspected, move isolate to Category 3 room immediately<\/li>\n <li>Follow appropriate infection control and good laboratory practice<\/li>\n <li>All processing in Cat 3 room cabinet<\/li>\n <li>Send to Porton Down for further testing<\/li>\n <li>Inform UKHSA and IPC<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"process-flow\">\n <div class=\"process-step\">\n <h4>\ud83e\ude78 Blood Culture Protocol<\/h4>\n <p>For wound swab, bubo fluid, respiratory specimen, or CSF:<br>\n \u2022 Follow SMI for respective specimen type<br>\n \u2022 If Y. pestis suspected: immediate Category 3 protocols<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div id=\"media\" class=\"content-section\">\n <h2>\ud83e\uddeb Culture Media<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"media-info\">\n <h3>\ud83c\udfaf CIN Agar (Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin)<\/h3>\n <p>Selective and differential medium for Yersinia isolation<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-grid\">\n <div class=\"species-card\">\n <h3>\ud83e\uddea Composition & Function<\/h3>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li><strong>Peptone & yeast extract:<\/strong> Essential nutrients<\/li>\n <li><strong>Mannitol:<\/strong> Fermentable carbohydrate for differentiation<\/li>\n <li><strong>Sodium pyruvate:<\/strong> Enhances recovery of stressed bacteria<\/li>\n <li><strong>Sodium chloride:<\/strong> Maintains osmotic balance<\/li>\n <li><strong>Magnesium sulfate:<\/strong> Supplies necessary ions<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-card\">\n <h3>\ud83d\udeab Selective Components<\/h3>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li><strong>Sodium deoxycholate:<\/strong> Bile salt suppressing Gram-positive bacteria<\/li>\n <li><strong>Crystal violet:<\/strong> Suppresses Gram-positive bacteria<\/li>\n <li><strong>Irgasan (triclosan):<\/strong> Inhibits most Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms<\/li>\n <li><strong>Cefsulodin:<\/strong> Selective antibiotic<\/li>\n <li><strong>Novobiocin:<\/strong> Selective antibiotic<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"species-card\">\n <h3>\ud83d\udd0d Differential Component<\/h3>\n <ul class=\"characteristics-list\">\n <li><strong>Neutral red:<\/strong> pH indicator<\/li>\n <li>Turns red in acidic conditions from mannitol fermentation<\/li>\n <li>Creates characteristic colony morphology<\/li>\n <li>Bull’s-eye appearance: red center with transparent border<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <button class=\"toggle-button\" onclick=\"toggleContent('dorset-info')\">Show Dorset Egg Media Information<\/button>\n <div id=\"dorset-info\" class=\"toggle-content\">\n <div class=\"media-info\">\n <h3>\ud83e\udd5a Dorset Egg Media<\/h3>\n <p><strong>Primary use:<\/strong> Cultivation and identification of Mycobacterium species, particularly M. tuberculosis<\/p>\n <ul style=\"margin-top: 15px;\">\n <li><strong>Whole eggs:<\/strong> Provide essential proteins, lipids, and nutrients<\/li>\n <li><strong>Glycerol:<\/strong> Additional carbon source enhancing mycobacterial growth<\/li>\n <li><strong>Sodium chloride:<\/strong> Maintains osmotic balance<\/li>\n <li><strong>Potato starch:<\/strong> Provides carbohydrates and neutralizes toxic metabolites<\/li>\n <li><strong>Preparation:<\/strong> Heat coagulation at 85\u00b0C creating solid, slanted surface<\/li>\n <li><strong>Use for Yersinia:<\/strong> Can be used to transfer Yersinia to reference laboratory<\/li>\n <\/ul>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n \n <div id=\"summary\" class=\"content-section\">\n <h2>\ud83d\udccb Summary<\/h2>\n\n <div class=\"summary-grid\">\n <div class=\"summary-card\">\n <h4>\ud83d\udd2c Microscopy<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Ye, Yps:<\/strong> Usually from blood culture or sterile specimen (CSF)<br>\n <strong>Yp:<\/strong> From blood culture or sterile specimen<br>\n <strong>Appearance:<\/strong> Gram-negative rods with possible bipolar staining<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"summary-card\">\n <h4>\ud83e\uddeb Culture<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Ye, Yps:<\/strong> CIN agar (28-30\u00b0C for 24-48 hrs) if clinically indicated<br>\n <strong>Yp:<\/strong> Common media for specimen type + CIN (less useful than Ye\/Yps)<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"summary-card\">\n <h4>\ud83c\udfaf Growth Characteristics<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Ye, Yps:<\/strong> Bull’s-eye colony on CIN<br>\n <strong>Yp:<\/strong> Small grey-white, translucent \u2192 “fried egg” or “hammered copper” appearance<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"summary-card\">\n <h4>\ud83e\uddea CLED Results<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Ye, Yps:<\/strong> NLF (some Ye strains may ferment lactose)<br>\n <strong>Yp:<\/strong> NLF<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"summary-card\">\n <h4>\ud83d\udd2c Key Tests<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Urease:<\/strong> Ye\/Yps positive, Yp negative<br>\n <strong>Motility:<\/strong> Ye\/Yps yes (below 30\u00b0C), Yp no<br>\n <strong>Catalase\/Oxidase:<\/strong> All catalase-positive, oxidase-negative<\/p>\n <\/div>\n\n <div class=\"summary-card\">\n <h4>\ud83c\udfe5 Identification Methods<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Ye, Yps:<\/strong> API, MALDI-ToF, PCR (GBRU-Colindale)<br>\n <strong>Yp:<\/strong> API, MALDI-ToF, PCR (RIPL-Porton Downs)<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <table class=\"comparison-table\" style=\"margin-top: 30px;\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Parameter<\/th>\n <th>Ye, Yps<\/th>\n <th>Yp<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Microscopy<\/strong><\/td>\n <td colspan=\"2\">Usually from blood culture or sterile specimen. Gram-negative rods with possible bipolar staining<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Culture<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>CIN agar (28-30\u00b0C for 24-48 hrs) if clinically indicated<\/td>\n <td>Common media for specimen type + CIN (less useful)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Growth<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Bull’s-eye colony on CIN<\/td>\n <td>Small grey-white, translucent \u2192 “fried egg” or “hammered copper”<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>CLED<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>NLF (some Ye strains may ferment lactose)<\/td>\n <td>NLF<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Urease<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Positive<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">Negative<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Motility<\/strong><\/td>\n <td class=\"positive\">Yes, below 30\u00b0C<\/td>\n <td class=\"negative\">No<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Catalase\/Oxidase<\/strong><\/td>\n <td colspan=\"2\">Catalase-positive and oxidase-negative<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Identification<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>API, MALDI-ToF, PCR (GBRU-Colindale)<\/td>\n <td>API, MALDI-ToF, PCR (RIPL-Porton Downs)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n <script>\n \/\/ Function to show specific content sections\n function showSection(sectionId) {\n \/\/ Hide all content sections\n const sections = document.querySelectorAll('.content-section');\n sections.forEach(section => {\n section.classList.remove('active');\n });\n\n \/\/ Remove active class from all nav tabs\n const tabs = document.querySelectorAll('.nav-tab');\n tabs.forEach(tab => {\n tab.classList.remove('active');\n });\n\n \/\/ Show the selected section\n const targetSection = document.getElementById(sectionId);\n if (targetSection) {\n targetSection.classList.add('active');\n }\n\n \/\/ Add active class to the clicked tab\n event.target.classList.add('active');\n }\n\n \/\/ Function to toggle expandable content\n function toggleContent(contentId) {\n const content = 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